Hancornia speciosa serum latex fraction: a non-allergenic biomaterial / Fração soro do látex de Hancornia speciosa: um biomaterial não alergênico

Abstract Plant-derived products can assist in the healing process of dermal wounds. It has been demonstrated that Hancornia speciosa latex present angiogenic, osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Then, it could contribute to the wound healing process. However, natural products in contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allergic and irritant potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex using in vitro assays. The obtained results showed that the H. speciosa serum fraction latex has a slightly irritant potential and is not cytotoxic neither allergenic for human cells. Moreover, we identified a remarkable low amount of proteins in this material in comparison to Hevea brasiliensis latex. This result could explain the non-allergenic potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex because proteins present in latex are the main responsible for allergy. This biomaterial could be used as a non-allergenic source for development of new medicines.

Resumo Produtos derivados de plantas podem auxiliar no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. Foi demonstrado que o látex de Hancornia speciosa apresenta atividades angiogênicas, osteogênicas, antiinflamatórias e antioxidantes. Então, este biomaterial pode contribuir para o processo de cicatrização de feridas. No entanto, produtos naturais em contato com a pele podem causar dermatites. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial alérgico e irritante do látex da fração soro de H. speciosa por meio de ensaios in vitro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o látex da fração do soro de H. speciosa possui um potencial pouco irritante e não é citotóxico nem alergênico para células humanas. Além disso, foi identificado uma notável baixa quantidade de proteínas neste material em comparação ao látex de Hevea brasiliensis. Esse resultado poderia explicar o potencial não alergênico do látex da fração soro de H. speciosa, pois as proteínas presentes no látex são as principais responsáveis ​​pela alergia. Este biomaterial pode ser utilizado como fonte não alergênica para desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.

Evaluation of microsatellite allelic patterns to DNA fingerprinting in rubber tree clones

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is native to the Amazon region, and it is widely exploited due to natural rubber produced from latex. There are many clonal varieties, without certification tests. In order to determine a genetic certification, 15 clones were genotyped to identify their genetic pattern. Ten microsatellites were used to determine a subset of alleles exclusive for each genetic profile. The genetic estimates obtained were: number of alleles per locus (N), expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosity, Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and Discriminatory Power (DP). The number of alleles (N) ranged from five to 14, with an average of 9.2. The HE mean (0.80) was higher than HO (0.60), indicating a selection for homozygotes. The locus informativeness was verified with PIC (0.77) and DP (0.90) means showing high polymorphism. The dendrogram represented the formation of three groups related to geographical origin. Clone MDF 180 presented the highest genetic divergence. Two genic pools represented the genetic composition of genotypes. Based on allelic profiles, a set of two microsatellites (A2365 and A2368) was able to distinguish all examined clones. The genetic certification using microsatellite fingerprinting proved to be an alternative to morphological traits.

Atmospheric evaporative demand and water deficit on the ecophysiology of Rubber seedlings

The search for genetic materials resistant to adverse weather conditions has been a major focus in studies on species of economic interest. The objective of the present study was to assess the growth and photosynthesis of rubber seedlings clones under two conditions of atmospheric evaporative demand, characterized by fluctuations in temperature (TEMP) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), associated to two water regimens. Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg (RRIM 600 and FX 3864) clones were assessed in two microclimates, at low (TEMP 21.2 ºC and VPD 0.29 Kpa) and high (TEMP 26.9 ºC and VPD 1.49 Kpa) atmospheric evaporative demand, under two water regimens: water deficit and well-watered. Water deficit 50% water availability was sufficient to reduce the net CO2 assimilation rate, leaf area and total chlorophyll of the clones studied that impacted growth in both microclimates. The effects of water deficit on growth and net carbon assimilation rate were intensified under high atmospheric evaporative demand. However, when comparing the two clones studied, RRIM 600 showed greater growth and photosynthesis without water restriction. The FX 3864 clone, despite the high CO2 assimilation values under high atmospheric demand and without water restriction, showed a reduced growth. The results of this study form an important basis for the selection of genotypes with the potential to develop in adverse climatic conditions. In this sense, the RRIM 600 genotype is recommended as a promising material that would best adapt under adverse climatic conditions.

Influence of spatial variability of soil chemical attributes on the nutritional status and growth of the rubber tree

The productive potential of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is dependent on its genetic composition, in addition to edaphoclimatic factors and management practices. However, as soil properties are not homogenous, knowing the spatial variability of soil attributes would be important to increase productivity and reduce production costs. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the spatial variability of chemical attributes of the soil and its influence on the nutritional status and growth of rubber tree clones. Clones FX 3864, FDR 5788, CDC 312, and RRIM 600 were planted at Jaturnaíba Farm, in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The sampling sites were distributed at a spacing of 20 × 20 m on the northern and southern sides of the relief. The chemical attributes of the soil (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, Al3+, H+Al, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation) were evaluated at a depth of 0­20 cm in the different clone plantations. Additionally, the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content as well as trunk circumference and total plant height, were also evaluated. Geostatistics was used to determine the spatial variability of the soil and clone attributes, while Ordinary Kriging was used to draw variability maps of the variables. A difference in the distribution of the variables, which was dependent on the slope of the relief, was detected through the maps. The southern side presented better conditions as some degradation was observed on the northern side. Certain soil characteristics influenced the distribution of the attributes of the planted clones; for example, the low concentration of Ca2+ in the soil caused Ca deficiency in the FX clone on the southern slope, indicating that liming did not supply enough nutrients for this clone. Our results showed that the variability in soil attributes influenced the nutritional status and growth of the rubber tree clones, indicating that variability maps can guide the planting and management of the rubber tree, providing more efficient management.

Zinc - rooting cofactor in rubber tree mini-cuttings / Zinco - cofator de enraizamento em miniestacas de seringueira

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) is a species of significant economic interest in the natural rubber industry in Brazil and the world. This species presents recalcitrance to rooting, and its cuttings are difficult to propagate. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pre-conditioning of rubber tree mini-cuttings with zinc on the improvement of the adventitious rooting of rootstocks. Mini-cuttings were standardized with 45 mm length and submitted to preconditioning by immersion of the mini-cutting base in solutions containing 0.00; 0.04; 0.08; 0.16; 0.32 and 0.64 mg L-1 of Zn, for 24 hours. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replicates of 10 mini-cuttings. The rubber tree mini-cuttings were placed in a fitotron-type growth chamber, at 25 °C, with 12-hour photoperiod, 5,000 K intensity, and 95% of relative air humidity, for 60 days. The survival rate, number of buds, percentage of mini-cuttings that had leaf abscission, the percentage of mini-cuttings with callogenesis in the root meristem, the percentage of rooted mini-cuttings, the number of primary roots and root length were evaluated. The highest values of survival rate, the number of buds, the number of primary roots, the percentage of mini-cuttings with callogenesis in the root meristem, the percentage of rooted mini-cuttings and root length were observed with 0.16 to 0.26 Mg L-1 of Zn. The use of zinc in the mini-cuttings of rubber tree reduces linearly the percentage of mini-cuttings that had leaf abscission and the formation of callogenesis in the root meristem.

A seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) é uma espécie de importância econômica para a indústria da borracha natural do Brasil e do mundo. Esta espécie apresenta recalcitrância ao enraizamento e suas estacas são difíceis de se propagar. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do pré-condicionamento de miniestacas de seringueira com zinco na melhoria do enraizamento adventício de porta-enxertos. As miniestacas foram padronizadas com 45 mm de comprimento e submetidas ao pré-condicionamento por imersão da miniestaca em soluções contendo 0.00; 0,04; 0,08; 0,16; 0,32 e 0,64 mg L-1 de Zn, por 24 horas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 10 miniestacas. As miniestacas de seringueira foram colocadas em câmara de crescimento tipo fitotron, a 25 °C, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas, intensidade de 5.000 K e umidade relativa do ar de 95% por 60 dias. Foram avaliadas a taxa de sobrevivência, o número de gemas, a porcentagem de miniestacas que apresentaram abscisão foliar, o percentual de miniestacas com calogênese no meristema radicular, o percentual de miniestacas enraizadas, o número de raízes primárias e o comprimento das raízes. Os maiores valores de taxa de sobrevivência, o número de gemas, o número de raízes primárias, a porcentagem de miniestacas com calogênese no meristema radicular, o percentual de miniestacas enraizadas e o comprimento radicular foram verificados com 0,16 a 0,26 Mg L-1 de Zn. O uso de zinco nas miniestacas de seringueira reduz linearmente a porcentagem de miniestacas que tiveram abscisão foliar e a formação de calogênese no meristema radicular

Healing effects of natural latex serum 1% from Hevea brasiliensis in an experimental skin abrasion wound model

Abstract Background Dermabrasion is related with mechanical and surgical traumas on the skin; usually topical antiseptics and/or saline have been used for healing. Natural products for wound healing can also be used for abrasions, such as latex from Hevea brasiliensis. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro viability and migratory/proliferative effects of latex serum from H. brasiliensis and to compare with a commercially available standard antiseptic solution and saline in experimental dermabrasion on rats. Methods For in vitro evaluation, MTT and scratch assays were used. In vivo testing was performed in 72 rats submitted to dermabrasion, treated with saline, antiseptic, or latex serum. This study evaluated re-epithelialization, neutrophilic infiltration, and the quantification of crust and epidermis. Results Latex showed viability at 1% and 0.1% concentrations and migratory/proliferative activity at 0.01% concentrations. The re-epithelialization was highest in latex group on 7th day. The latex group displayed lower thickness of crusts and greater extent of epidermal layers. The latex and antiseptic groups showed increases of myeloperoxidase levels on the 2nd day and showed important reductions from the 7th day. Study limitations Acute superficial wound model in rats and non-use of gel-cream (medium) without latex. Conclusion In conclusion, non-toxic latex stimulated migration/proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro and significantly accelerated wound healing in animal excoriation models compared to chlorhexidine or saline.

Cicatrização de feridas cutâneas: uso da membrana de látex natural isolada e associada à fibrina rica em plaquetas em ratos Wistar / Healing of skin wounds: use of natural latex membrane isolated and associated with platelet-rich fibrin in Wistar rats

Devido à alta incidência de feridas e lesões de pele, a busca científica tem se focado no desenvolvimento de coberturas e substitutos epidérmicos alternativos às técnicas de enxertia que possuam a mesma função de evitar a exposição de feridas às variações externas. O látex natural derivado da Hevea brasiliensis estimula o processo de cicatrização, assim como a fibrina rica em plaquetas (PRF). A associação desses dois compostos tem como finalidade oferecer um suporte estrutural e estímulo à migração epitelial, associado à proteção e menor desidratação do leito cicatricial. No presente estudo, investigamos a resposta de reparo cicatricial em feridas agudas de espessura total em ratos Wistar, submetidos a três diferentes tratamentos: membrana de látex associada à PRF (ML+PRF), apenas a membrana de látex (ML) e controle com solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% estéril em. A avaliação macroscópica foi realizada por mensuração, posteriormente a amostra tecidual foi coletada e submetida à coloração com Hematoxilina & Eosina e Picrosirius Red para análise histológica. Para análise estatística, as variáveis quantitativas foram determinadas por ANOVA (pós-teste de Tukey) e as variáveis semiquantitativas determinadas pelo teste de Friedman (pósteste de Dunn), sendo considerados significantes quando p<0,05. Como resultados houve diminuição significativa no diâmetro da ferida e melhor reepitelização em relação aos controles , assim como houve estímulo à deposição de colágeno tipo I, que gera resistência tecidual. Não foram observadas complicações quanto ao uso dessa associação, portanto auxilia no reparo da pele em tratamento de feridas agudas de espessura total em ratos Wistar hígidos(AU)

Due to the high incidence of wounds and skin lesions, scientific research has focused on the development of alternative epidermal coverings and substitutes to grafting techniques that have the same function of preventing the exposure of wounds to external variations. The natural latex derived from Hevea brasiliensis stimulates the healing process, as well as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). The association of these two compounds aims to provide structural support and stimulate epithelial migration, associated with protection and less dehydration of the healing bed. In the present study, we investigated the healing repair response in acute full-thickness wounds in Wistar rats, submitted to three different treatments: latex membrane associated with PRF (ML + PRF), only the latex membrane (ML), and control with a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride sterile. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed by measurement, followed by tissue sample collection and staining with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Picrosirius Red for histological analysis. For statistical analysis, quantitative variables were determined by ANOVA (Tukey's post-test) and semi-quantitative variables were determined by Friedman's test (Dunn's post-test), being considered significant when p<0.05. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the wound diameter and better re-epithelialization concerning the controls, as well as the deposition of type I collagen, which generates tissue resistance. No complications were observed regarding the use of this association. Therefore, it assists in skin repair in the treatment of acute full-thickness wounds in healthy Wistar rats(AU)

Bark beetles in a mixed plantation of bertholletia excelsa and hevea brasiliensis in the southern Amazon / Scolytinae em plantio misto de Bertholletia excelsa e Hevea brasiliensis na amazonia meridional

Bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are wood borers with the potential to cause significant damage in forest plantations. Studies of this group are more common in plantations of Eucalyptus, and Pinus, but the increase of planting with other forest species, such as Brazil nut and rubber trees, indicates the need for monitoring of Scolytinae in these additional forest areas. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate an assemblage and the main species of bark beetles in a mixed plantation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) and rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.) in Southern Amazonia. Twelve ethanol traps were used and collections were carried out biweekly for one year. The collections were evaluated descriptively way with entomofaunistic analysis, and population fluctuation and its dispersion were determined. A total of 2,738 individuals were collected, with a total of 17 species distributed in nine genera, of which Cryptocarenus Eggers 1937 and Xyleborus Eichoff 1864 showed the greatest representation. Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers, Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorni), Cryptocarenus seriatusEggers, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, and Xyleborus spinulosus Blandford were categorized as dominant, very abundant, very frequent, and constant. The assemblage of Scolytinae in the Brazil nut tree and rubber tree mixed plantation had a greater abundance in the rainy season, with the highest averages and population peaks. The species with the greatest representation also presented a greater number of individuals in the rainy season with aggregate dispersion.

Scolytinae são coleobrocas com potencial de causar significativos danos em plantios florestais. Estudos com este grupo são mais comuns em plantios de Eucalyptus e Pinus, mas o aumento das áreas de plantio com outras espécies florestais como castanheira e seringueira indica a necessidade demonitoramento também dos Scolytinae nestas áreas florestais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma assembléia e as principais espécies coletadas de escolitíneos (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) em um plantio misto de castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) e seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.) na Amazônia Meridional, no município de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso. As coletas foram realizadas quinzenalmente no período de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016, em 12 armadilhas de etanol. A assembléia foi avaliada de maneira descritiva com análises entomofaunisticas, e para as principais espécies determinou-se sua flutuação populacional e dispersão. Um total de 2.738 indivíduos foram coletados, totalizando 17 espécies distribuídas em nove gêneros, dos quais Cryptocarenus Eggers 1937 e Xyleborus Eichoff 1864foram os mais representativos. Na análise entomofaunística, Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers, Cryptocarenus heveae(Hagedorni), Cryptocarenus seriatus Eggers, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff e Xyleborus spinulosus Blandford foram dominantes, muito abundantes, muito frequentes e constantes. A assembléia de Scolytinae no plantio misto de castanheira com seringueira, apresentou maior abundância na estação chuvosa, com as maiores médias e picos populacionais. E as principais espécies coletadas também apresentaram maior número de indivíduos coletados na estação chuvosa com dispersão agregada.

Alternaria yunnanensis sp. nov., a New Alternaria Species Causing Foliage Spot of Rubber Tree in China

A new species of Alternaria causing leaf spots on the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in Yunnan, China, was isolated, examined, and illustrated. Morphologically, it belongs to the section Porri of Alternaria, which produces relatively large conidia and a simple or branched, filamentous long beak. It is, however, characterized by conidiophores gradually enlarging near the apex into a clavate conidiogenous cell and long ellipsoid to obclavate, smooth-walled conidia with a long filamentous beak. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA, GAPDH, and TEF1-alpha sequences demonstrate that the phytopathogen falls in the clade of the section Porri, being most closely related to A. sidae, A. sennae, A. deseriticola, A. cyamopsidis, A. rostellata, A. nitrimali, A. crassa, and A. thunbergiae.

Association of "green spot" and defoliation to Tenuipalpus heveae incidence and chemical control screening of Hevea brasiliensis diseases / Associação da presença de "pinta verde" e desfolha com presença do ácaro Tenuipalpus heveae e avaliação de fungicidas para controle de doenças em painéis de seringueira Hevea brasiliensis

According to IBGE data, in 2016, Brazil produced closer to 56 thousand hectares of rubber tree generating a total latex production of 315.62 tons in commercial areas and 1.6 thousand tons in native forests. But this growth in crop production is related to the raise of economic losses generated by foliar and bark (panel) diseases caused by Phytophthora spp, Colletotrichum sp., Lasiodiplodia spp., Colletotrichum sp., Ceratocystis fimbriata, Microcyclus ulei (leaf blight) and the leaf anomaly that we call here as "Green Spot". Also, due to the tapping method and the incisions or "injuries" made in this process, opportunistic pathogens can usually infect and end up growing in the bark. This type of infection that is also difficult to control with the adoption of chemical fungicides, can create additional damage to the rubber panels. Pathogens such as Oidium heveae, C. gloeosporioides (anthracnosis), Phomopsis sp. and Phytophthora spp. were identified in 42% of the areas of growers or farms. Treatments T3- (thiophanate-methyl (350 g.ha-1 active ingredient) and T4- (metiram (1.75 kg.ha-1 active ingredient)) were superior against rot diseases in the bark of rubber trees. It was described for the first time the anomaly of the green spot associated to the Tenuipalpus heveae mite in 65% of the samples and had its etiology confirmed by artificial inoculation in rubber tree seedlings. In the USP-ESALq, Dr. Kitajima, E., did not confirm the presence of rhabdovirus-like particles common to tenuipalpids that transmit the virus in coffee and citrus (nuclear and cytoplasmic viruses).

Segundo dados do IBGE, em 2016, o Brasil registrou uma área cultivada de 156,06 mil hectares, dos quais 146,4 mil hectares foram colhidos, promovendo uma produção total de 315,62 toneladas em lavouras comerciais. Já a exploração em áreas de vegetação natural, resultou em 1,6 mil toneladas de látex e coágulo. Microcyclus ulei também chamado de Mal-de-Folhas é conhecida mundialmente como a doença mais grave da seringueira, mas a intensificação do cultivo permitiu prejuízos econômicos promovidos por doenças foliares como Phytophthora spp, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria spp., Oidium sp. Entre outros, além da anomalia de Pinta Verde. No tocante às doenças de sapé, são citadas as patologias fúngicas nos painéis Lasiodiplodia spp., Colletotrichum sp., Ceratocystis fimbriata, Erythricium salmonicolor e Phytophthora spp.,. Muitos patógenos permitem a entrada nas lesões de outros fungos oportunistas. Devido ao modo de exploração (corte) causar lesões no tronco que facilitam a inoculação de patógenos principalmente através de instrumentos de sangramento, causando danos nos painéis de seringueiras e são patógenos de difícil controle e poucos resultados significativos com o uso de fungicidas ou produtos químicos. Os patógenos, como Oidium heveae, C. gloeosporioides (antracnose), Phomopsis sp. e Phytophthora spp. foram identificados em 42 % das áreas de produtores ou fazendas. Os tratamentos 3 e 4 foram os melhores do controle dos fungos e esta podridão de painel nas seringueiras (T3- (tiofanato-metílico(350 g / ha ingrediente ativo), T4- (metiram (1,75 kg / ha ingrediente ativo). Foi descrita pela primeira vez a anomalia da pinta verde associada ao ácaro Tenuipalpus heveae¨em 65% das amostars e teve a sua etiologia confirmada por inoculação artificial em mudas de seringueira. Análises em microscopia eletrônica realizadas na USP-S-ESALq pelo Dr. Kitajima, E., não confirmaram a presença de partículas tipo rabdovírus comum aos tenuipalpídeos que transmitem a virose em cafeeiro e citros (vírus tipo nuclear e citoplasmático).

Initial development and sample dimensioning of rubber tree clones / Desenvolvimento inicial e dimensionamento amostral em clones de seringueira

The current success of rubber cultivation is related to the use of clones adapted to different edaphoclimatic regions. Hence, it is important to evaluate variables that are correlated with yield. However, a common problem is choosing the plot dimensions where these variables will be measured. In view of the above, the objective of this work was to evaluate the initial development of two rubber tree clones and to determine the ideal sample unit size to characterize trunk circumference, tree height and bark thickness. The variables circumference at breast height (CBH), total height (Ht) and bark thickness (BT) were measured in seven plots of 680.4 m², in addition to determining the plot size to satisfactorily sample each of the variables measured in each clone, 52 months after planting. At 52 months, clone RRIM 937 showed better development than RRIM600 in relation to the analyzed variables. The ideal sample unit size is different for the variables in the following order: trunk circumference> total height> bark thickness. The measurement of plots with 15 trees is adequate to represent the variability of the analyzed variables, considering the acceptable error of 10%.

O sucesso atual do cultivo de seringueira está relacionado ao uso de clones adaptados a diferentes regiões edafoclimáticas. Portanto, é importante avaliar as variáveis que estão correlacionadas com o rendimento. No entanto, um problema comum é escolher as dimensões da área onde essas variáveis serão medidas. Este trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de dois clones de seringueira e determinar o tamanho da amostra ideal para caracterizar a circunferência do tronco, altura da árvore e espessura da casca. As variáveis circunferência na altura do peito (CBH), altura total (Ht) e espessura da casca (BT) foram medidas em sete parcelas de 680,4 m² e foi estabelecido o tamanho da parcela para amostrar satisfatoriamente cada uma das variáveis medidas em cada clone, 52 meses após o plantio. Aos 52 meses, o clone RRIM 937 apresentou melhor desenvolvimento do que RRIM600 em relação às variáveis analisadas. O tamanho ideal da unidade de amostra é diferente para as variáveis na seguinte ordem: circunferência do tronco > altura total > espessura da casca. A medida de parcelas com 15 árvores é adequada para representar a variabilidade das variáveis analisadas, considerando o erro aceitável de 10%.

El camino del caucho / The way of the rubber

Resumen Las investigaciones de Markham, primero, y luego de Spruce, llevadas a cabo en medio de múltiples peligros, internándose en selvas espesas, vadeando salvajes ríos y enfrentando nativos muchas veces hostiles, permitieron conocer el ciclo de vida del árbol del caucho para el traslado de sus semillas, su aclimatación en Asia y cultivo a nivel industrial. Indudablemente ellos fueron los héroes de esta epopeya al hacer esta investigación venturosa, pero los sabios son modestos y callados, de manera que la gloria se la llevó un empresario decidido y de pocos escrúpulos cual Wickham. En cuanto a Brasil, como buena nación latinoamericana, pecó de ingenuidad, improvisación y negligencia, dejándose arrebatar una inimaginable fortuna: el monopolio del caucho. Creemos que las múltiples aplicaciones médicas del caucho, haciendo menos dolorosos los exámenes y procedimientos, pudieran ser de interés para nuestros colegas.

Investigations first by Markham, and then by Spruce, performed in the middle of multiple risks, in the deep of dense jungle, through the wild rivers and facing up natives many times hostile, brought the knowledge of the life cycle of Hevea brasiliensis, the rubber's tree, necessary for take its seeds to Asia, its adaptation to this continent and its culture at industrial level. Undoubtedly these men were the heroes of this history, but they were wise, modest and quite people, so the glory was for an entrepreneur decided and of scare scruples, like Wickham. And Brazil, as a good Latin American nation, sinned of naivety, improvidence and negligence, allowing itself the lost of an unimaginable fortune: the monopoly of the rubber. Because the many applications of rubber in medical practice, the history of this tree may interest our colleagues.

Membrana de látex natural de Hevea brasiliensis auxilia no processo de reparação tecidual em bovinos / Natural latex rubber from Hevea brasiliensis aids tissue repair of bovine

Feridas cutâneas em bovinos são um constante desafio clínico cirúrgico por desencadearem perdas econômicas bastante significativas. O látex proveniente da seiva da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) apresenta potencial terapêutico para incrementar o processo de reparação tecidual. Portanto, pretendeu-se com esse estudo avaliar o tipo de reação tecidual e os possíveis mecanismos de angiogênese desencadeados pelo implante de uma membrana de látex natural em bovinos. Para tal, foram utilizados seis bovinos da raça Nelore, submetidos ao implante subcutâneo experimental de três fragmentos de membranas de látex natural. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido e da membrana aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a implantação, para avaliações histológicas, ultraestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e imunoistoquímicas com anticorpos antimarcador de macrófagos (MAC), CYR 61 e VEGF. O implante de látex proporcionou aumento da angiogênese e reparação tecidual em bovinos, não mediada pela expressão do VEGF e CYR 61.(AU)

Cattle wounds are a constant surgical and clinical challenge, leading to important economical losses. The latex from the sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) has therapeutic potential to enhance tissue repair process. Therefore, we evaluated the type of tissue reaction and possible mechanisms of angiogenesis triggered by implanting natural latex rubber in bovine species. Six Nelore bovines were subjected to subcutaneous experimental implant of three fragments of natural rubber latex membranes. Tissue and rubber membrane samples were harvested at 15, 30 and 45 days implantation for histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical evaluation with anti macrophage marker (MAC), anti CYR 61, anti VEGF antibodies. The latex membrane estimulates tissue reaction and repair and significant angiogenesis stimuli without activating CYR 61 and VEGF pathways.(AU)

Epidemiologia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) no município de Xapuri, Estado do Acre, Brasil: estudo em população humana, cães domésticos e vetores / Epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Xapuri municipality, Acre state, Brazil study in human population, domestic dogs and vectors

Introdução. A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) é uma endemia de importância em saúde pública na Amazônia Brasileira, onde possui diferentes perfis de transmissão com a participação de diversas espécies de vetores e de protozoários do gênero Leishmania. O Estado do Acre apresenta altos índices de LTA e, no ano de 2015, apresentou o mais alto coeficiente de detecção de casos (137,7/100.000 hab.) da doença no Brasil. Objetivo. Analisar aspectos epidemiológicos da LTA no município de Xapuri, Estado do Acre, Brasil, envolvendo população humana, cães domésticos, vetores e identificação de Leishmania. Materiais e Métodos. Para a avaliação epidemiológica, foram analisadas fichas de notificação dos casos humanos no período de 2008 a 2014 obtidas do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica do município. Foram analisadas as variáveis: sexo, grupo etário, escolaridade, forma clínica, diagnóstico, tratamento e evolução clínica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e teste estatístico do qui-quadrado de Pearson utilizando o pacote estatístico STATA. Também foram obtidas amostras de material de pacientes (escarificação das lesões fixadas em lâminas) atendidos no centro médico do município, durante o período de novembro de 2014 a janeiro de 2016. As amostras foram submetidas à análise molecular para diagnóstico de Leishmania spp. O inquérito canino foi realizado em áreas urbanas e rurais; nestas, predominantemente, em seringais, onde a doença foi reportada em humanos avaliação clínica dos animais para busca de lesões e sinais característicos de leishmanioses, foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso por punção jugular ou cefálica, e quando havia lesões sugestivas da doença, foram anestesiados e submetidos à biopsia para colheita do fragmento de lesão. Amostras destes fragmentos foram submetidas a técnicas parasitológicas, inoculação em meio de cultura Neal, Novy e Nicolle, exame direto e técnicas moleculares para detecção do parasita. A identificação de Leishmania spp. foi realizada por técnicas moleculares. Os flebotomíneos foram coletados em ambiente domiciliar e florestal de dois seringais (Floresta e Cachoeira) e na área urbana, com armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC, instaladas mensalmente, no período de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2015. Neste período, apenas no seringal Cachoeira, também foram feitas coletas utilizando armadilhas de Shannon nas cores branca e preta, e de janeiro a maio de 2016, coletas em trocos de árvores com aspiradores manuais. Uma amostra de fêmeas coletadas pelas diferentes técnicas foi dissecada viii para investigação da presença de flagelados. Para a análise do comportamento da fauna flebotomínea foram utilizados índices ecológicos como de Shannon, Pielou e Abundância das Espécies Padronizado, média geométrica de Williams e análise dos componentes principais. Para estimar a atratividade dos flebotomíneos pelas cores branca e preta foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Análises morfométricas utilizando o teste de Gabriel (teste F, p <0,05) foram feitas para distinguir alguns táxons. Para as análises moleculares dos parasitas foi empregada a técnica de Nested-PCR SSU rRNA utilizando os iniciadores S4/S12 e S17/S18 e sequenciamento. Resultados. No estudo de casos humanos, constatou-se que a doença ocorre predominantemente em populações rurais e isoladas do município, em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com as incidências mais elevadas em crianças e adolescentes. Em 33 dos 45 pacientes com clínica positiva para LTA foram detectadas a presença de DNA de Leishmania spp. Nos cães domésticos, verificou-se alta taxa de infecção (20,0 por cento ) por Leishmania (Viannia) sp. Nos estudos de flebotomíneos, foram coletados 21.197 espécimes (14.210 fêmeas e 7.107 machos) com armadilhas CDC, e 6.309 (864 machos e 5.445 fêmeas) com armadilhas de Shannon. As frequências, abundâncias e densidades mais elevadas foram dos gêneros Nyssomyia, Psychodopygus e Trichophoromyia, coletados em ambientes silvestres, peri e intradomiciliares. Em ambiente rural foram coletados 99,9 por cento dos espécimes e no urbano apenas 0,1 por cento . Nyssomyia shawi predominou no Seringal Cachoeira, e Trichophoromyia spp. (Th. auraensis/Th. ruifreitasi) no Seringal Floresta. Espécies do gênero Psychodopygus predominaram no período chuvoso, enquanto as de Nyssomyia, no período seco. Infecções por Leishmania spp. foram detectadas em Brumptomyia sp., Nyssomyia antunesi, Ny. shawi, Lutzomyia sherlocki, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai, Ps. davisi, Ps. hirsutus hisutus, Ps. llanosmartinsi, Ps. lainsoni, Thrichophoromyia ubiquitalis e Trichophoromyia spp. Por meio de análises morfológicas e morfométricas das fêmeas de Trichophoromyia sugeriu-se a distinção de Th. octavioi de Trichophoromyia spp. (Th. auraensis/Th. ruifreitasi) e descreveu-se, Psathyromyia elizabethdorvalae sp. n. Conclusões. A LTA em Xapuri apresenta um perfil de transmissão silvestre e outro domiciliar. As populações humanas e caninas que frequentam ambientes florestais estão expostas a uma alta diversidade de vetores e de agentes etiológicos, o que aumenta o risco de infecção de LTA. As informações aqui apresentadas podem nortear as medidas de controle, planejamento das ações e definição de prioridades dos órgãos de vigilância epidemiológica do Estado do Acre, visando o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado dos casos de leishmanioses da população humana de Xapuri

Introduction. American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is an endemic disease that deserves the attention of public health in the Brazilian Amazon, where it has various transmission profiles with the participation of several species of vectors and protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The state of Acre registers high rates of ACL, having in 2015 the highest coefficient of detection of cases (137.7 / 100,000 inhab.) in Brazil. Objective. To analyze the epidemiological aspects of LTA in the municipality of Xapuri, State of Acre, Brazil, involving the human population, domestic dogs, vectors and the identification of Leishmania ssp. Materials and Methods. For the epidemiological evaluation, records of the human cases notified between 2008 and 2014 obtained from the epidemiological surveillance system of the municipality, were analyzed. The following variables were selected for analysis: sex, age group, schooling, clinical form, diagnosis, treatment and clinical evolution. The data were submitted to descriptive analysis and the Pearson chi-squared statistical test using the statistical package STATA. Samples of patient material (scarification of lesions fixed on slides) were also obtained from the medical center of the city during the period from November 2014 to January 2016. These samples were submitted to molecular analysis for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. The canine survey was carried out in both urban and rural areas, in the latter rubber plantations where the disease had been reported in humans predominated. After a clinical evaluation to search for lesions and characteristic signs of leishmaniasis, samples of venous blood were collected by jugular or cephalic puncture, and when the animals presented lesions suggestive of cutaneous leishmaniasis, they were anesthetized and submitted to biopsy to harvest the lesion fragment. Samples of these fragments were submitted to parasitological techniques, inoculation in Neal, Novy and Nicolle culture medium, direct examination and molecular techniques to detect Leishmania spp. The samples were submitted to molecular analysis for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. The phlebotomine survey was carried out in forest and the domiciliary environment of the city and in two rubber plantation areas (Seringal Cachoeira and Seringal Floresta), monthly using CDC light traps, from August 2013 to July 2015. In this period, only in the Seringal Cachoeira were collections also made using black and white Shannon traps. Collections in tree trunks and among tree roots with manual aspirators were also undertaken from January to May 2016. xi Samples of females collected by different techniques were dissected to investigate the presence of flagellates. For the analysis of the behavior of the phlebotomine fauna, ecological indexes such as Shannon, Pielou, and Standardized Species Abundance, Williams geometric mean and main component analysis were used. The Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05) was used to estimate the attractiveness of the black and white colors to sandflies. Morphometric analyses using the Gabriel test (test F, p <0.05) were made to distinguish between some taxa. For the molecular analyses of the parasites the Nested-PCR SSU rRNA technique was used using primers S4 / S12 and S17 / S18 and sequencing. Results. In the study of human cases, it was found that the disease occurs in rural and isolated populations and in individuals of both sexes, especially in children and adolescents. In 33 of the 45 patients with positive ACL, the presence of Leishmania spp DNA was detected. The domestic dogs have shown a high infection rate (20.0 per cent ) attributed to Leishmania (Viannia) sp. In the sandfly studies, 21,197 specimens (14,210 females and 7,107 males) were collected in CDC traps, and 6,309 (864 males and 5,445 females) were collected in Shannon traps. The highest frequencies, abundances and densities were of the genera Nyssomyia, Psychodopygus and Trichophoromyia collected in wild, peri and intradomiciliary environments. Nyssomyia shawi predominated in the Seringal Cachoeira, and the Trichophoromyia spp. (Th. auraensis/Th. ruifreitasi) in the Seringal Floresta. Species of the genus Psychodopygus predominated in the rainy season while those of Nyssomyia in the dry period. Natural infections by Leishmania spp were detected in Brumptomyia sp., Nyssomyia antunesi, Ny. shawi, Lutzomyia sherlocki, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Psychodopygus carrerai carrerai, Ps. davisi, Ps. hirsutus hirsutus, Ps. llanosmartinsi, Ps. lainsoni, Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis and Trichophoromyia sp. Morphological and morphometric analyses of Trichophoromyia females were suggested to distinguish Th. octavioi from Trichophoromyia spp (Th. auraensis/Th. ruifreitasi), Pa. elizabethdorvalae being described for the first time. Conclusions. ACL in Xapuri presents one profile of wild transmission and another of domiciliar transmission. Both populations, human and canine, because they live in forest environments are exposed to a high diversity of vectors and etiological agents, which increases the risk of ACL infection. The information presented here may guide the measures of control, planning of actions and definition of priorities taken by the organs of surveillance and epidemiology of the State of Acre, aiming at the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the human cases in Xapuri

Antiviral activity of Salidroside from the leaves of Nigerian mistletoe [Loranthus micranthus Linn] parasitic on Hevea brasiliensis against respiratory syncytial virus

Isolated Salidroside from the leaves of Nigerian mistletoe [Loranthus micranthus Linn] parasitic on Hevea brasiliensis was evaluated for its antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus. Semi- preparative HPLC separation of the ethyl acetate fraction of the leave extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Hevea brasiliensis led to the isolation of a polyphenol. Using spectroscopic methods [ID and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data] as well as by comparison with literature data the structure of the compound was determined as 6-O-galloyl Salidroside. The antiviral activity of the isolated compound was evaluated against the respiratory syncytial virus. The isolated Salidroside showed potent inhibition towards a recombinant straining respiratory syncytial virus with Inhibitory Concentration [IC[5]o] value of 10.3+/-1.50microg/mL. The result indicates that Salidroside is an efficient antiviral agent against RSV infection and might be useful for the management of RSV pathogenesis

Evaluation of wound healing treated with latex derived from rubber trees and Aloe Vera extract in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compare the use of latex derivative and Aloe vera extract to wound healing. METHODS: Twenty one rats were randomly divided into three groups and each one had a wound made by incision. The treatment consisted in: derivative of latex (GL), Aloe vera extract (GA) and saline solution (GC). The wound area was measured on the 7th, 14th and 21st days and macroscopic and microscopic evaluation were done. RESULTS: The comparison between the measurements of the wounds presented statistical difference in GC and GA from the 7th day of evaluation and GL from the 14th day. The extent of the wound was significantly smaller by the 7th day in GL. Histologically, in GL, the neovascularization was significant on the 7th, 14th and 21st days. On the 21st day the scar was large and little mature. In GA and GC, the findings were similar on the 7th, 14th and 21st days with a slight better organization of skin and collagen on the 21st in GA. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical analysis did not allow for the definition of the best topical agent. The latex had the highest angiogenesis, but a possible foreign body granuloma. Aloe vera has revealed a healing process adequated temporally in histology.

Effect of Hevea brasiliensis latex sap gel on healing of acute skin wounds induced on the back of rats / Efeito do gel da seiva do látex da Hevea brasiliensis na cicatrização de lesões cutâneas agudas induzidas no dorso de ratos

Objective : to evaluate the effect of topical delivery of latex cream-gel in acute cutaneous wounds induced on the back of rats. Methods : we subjected sixteen rats to dermo-epidermal excision of a round dorsal skin flap, with 2.5cm diameter. We divided the animals into two groups: Latex Group: application of cream-gel-based latex throughout the wound bed on postoperative days zero, three, six and nine; Control group: no treatment on the wound. Photographs of the lesions were taken on the procedure day and on the 6th and 14th postoperative days, for analyzing the area and the larger diameter of the wound. We carried out euthanasia of all animals on the 14th postoperative day, when we resected he dorsal skin and the underlying muscle layer supporting the wound for histopathological study. Results : there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of wound closure, in the histopathological findings or in the reduction of the area and of the largest diameter of the wounds among the groups studied on the 14th postoperative day. Conclusion : according to the experimental conditions in which the study was conducted, latex cream-gel did not interfere in the healing of acute cutaneous wounds in rats.

Objetivo : avaliar o efeito da administração tópica do gel-creme de látex em feridas cutâneas agudas induzidas no dorso de ratos. Métodos : dezesseis ratos foram submetidos à excisão dermoepidérmica de retalho cutâneo dorsal, circular com 2,5cm de diâmetro. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, um experimental e outro controle: Grupo Látex- aplicação em todo o leito da ferida do látex em base gel-creme no período zero, no terceiro, no sexto e no nono dias pós-operatórios; Grupo Controle- sem nenhum tratamento sobre a ferida. Foram feitas fotografias das lesões no dia da operação, no sexto e no 14º dia pós-operatório, para análise de área e do maior diâmetro da ferida. Realizou-se a eutanásia de todos os animais no 14º dia pós-operatório. Ressecou-se a pele dorsal e o plano muscular subjacente contendo a ferida para estudo histopatológico. Resultados : não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no percentual de fechamento, nos achados histopatológicos ou na redução da área e do maior diâmetro das feridas, entre os grupos estudados no 14º dia pós-operatório. Conclusão : nas condições experimentais em que o estudo foi realizado, o gel-creme de látex não interferiu na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas agudas em ratos.

Efecto del uso de la tierra sobre la erosión y sedimentación de los suelos en El Estor, Izabal / Effect of land use on soil erosion and sedimentation, in the Estor, Izabal

El mayor y mejor uso de las tierras en El Estor, Izabal, está determinado por los regímenes de precipitación, topografía y manejo de los suelos. La erosión es el principal proceso de degradación de los suelos en esta región del país, por lo que se evaluó el efecto de diferentes usos de la tierra sobre la erosión y sedimentación media. Se utilizó el método de las varillas de erosión para estimar las variables primarias de erosión y sedimentación media; y posteriormente, las variables derivadas erosión neta y movilidad del suelo, durante los meses de febrero a noviembre del año 2014. Los resultados de los valores de erosión media y movilidad del suelo en plantaciones de hule y tierra en barbecho presentaron relaciones directas r = 0.63 y r = 0.77 respectivamente. Los valores de sedimentación media y movilidad del suelo en bosque secundario y tierra en barbecho presentaron relaciones inversas r = -0.88 y r = -0.79 respectivamente, en ambos casos con 5% de significancia. Además, los resultados del análisis estadístico de la evaluación experimental del uso de la tierra sobre las variables de respuesta, indicaron efecto del uso de la tierra sobre la erosión media de los suelos en la época lluviosa, con 5% de significancia. En su orden, las plantaciones de hule, tierra en barbecho, agricultura anual y bosque secundario, causaron mayor erosión del suelo. Se concluyó que las plantaciones de hule causaron tasas de erosión del doble en relación a las reportadas en el bosque secundario.

The mayor and best land use in El Estor, Izabal is determined by rainfall patterns, topography and soil management. The erosion is the main process of soil degradation in this region, so the effect of different land uses on mean soil erosion and sedimentation were evaluated. The method of erosion rods was used to estimate the mean soil erosion and sedimentation, as primary variables, and then the resulting net soil erosion and soil mobility, as secondary variables, during the months of February to November 2014. The results of mean values of soil erosion and soil mobility in rubber plantations and fallow land had direct relations r = 0.63 and r = 0.77 respectively. The mean values of sedimentation and soil mobility in secondary forest and fallow land had inverse relationships r = -0.88 and r = -0.79 respectively, both with 5% significance. In addition, the statistical analysis of the experimental evaluation of the land use effect on the response variables, indicated effect of land use on mean soil erosion during the rainy season, with 5% significance. In its order, the rubber plantations, fallow land, agriculture and secondary forest causing increased soil erosion. It was concluded that rubber plantations caused double erosion rate compared to those reported in the secondary forest.

Ocorrência de epidemia do mal das folhas em regiões de "escape" do Brasil / Occurrence of South American leaf blight epidemic in escape zones of the Brazil

Entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2013 ocorreu uma epidemia de mal das folhas em regiões consideradas como de "escape" à doença, causando preocupações e indagações nos produtores de borracha e ao setor heveícola como um todo. Uma possível adaptação do fungo a essas zonas foi levantada e a consistência do controle da doença pela utilização do binômio plantas com troca uniforme das folhas + período seco, típicos de regiões de "escape", foi questionada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi trazer informações importantes aos heveicultores sobre a interação clima-patógeno-hospedeiro e comparar variáveis de normais climatológicas (média histórica) e dados climáticos deste período de ocorrência da epidemia (janeiro e fevereiro de 2013). Concluiu-se que não foi o patógeno que se adaptou às plantas de seringueira em clima mais seco, nas regiões de "escape", mas que o clima mais úmido ocorreu nessas regiões mais secas, nesse período.(AU)

In January and February 2013 occurred a South American leaf blight epidemic in regions considered as escape zones, causing concern to rubber tree growers and throughout the rubber industry. A possible adaptation of the fungus to escape zones was raised and the consistency of disease control by the use of the binomial: plants with uniform renewal of leaves + dry season, typical of the escape zones, was questioned. The aim of this work was to bring relevant information to the rubber growers about the interaction climate-pathogen-host and to compare normal climate (historical average) and climatic data of the occurrence period of epidemic (January and February 2013). We conclude that was not the pathogen that has adapted to rubber tree in drier conditions, typical in escape regions, but a more humid climate occurred in these drier regions during this period.(AU)

Casearia sylvestris Swartz Extract Release Using Natural Rubber Latex Biomembranes as Carrier.

The Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis has shown promise in biomedical applications due to its low cost, easy handling, mechanical properties and biocompatibility, being used for bone regeneration and wound healing due to its natural stimulus to angiogenesis. The aim of this work was to incorporate Casearia sylvestris Sw. extract in NRL biomembranes and study its release behavior. The complex membraneextract has as object of study a new approach of using C. sylvestris extract in the treatment of wounds, for possessing antiseptic activity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The C. sylvestris species (Salicaceae), popularly known as "guaçatonga", presents great distribution and is used in folk medicine as antiulcer, wound healing, anti- snake venom, properties which have been proven and related to clerodane diterpenes (casearins A-X). The release rate of C. sylvestris compounds from extract-membrane complex was monitored and analyzed using the method of optical spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The release varied with temperature ranging from 14 to 33 days, releasing more than 90%, with an interesting and promising biomedical application, such as wound healing and burns.